Volume-1 Issue-5, October 2012 – International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

E0302091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:44:43 +0000

The International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) has ISSN: 2278-3075 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical monthly international journal. This journal is published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) in January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.The journal aims to publish high–quality peer–reviewed original articles in the area of Engineering and Technology that covers Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and all interdisciplinary streams of Engineering and Technology. #Smart Computing and Information Processing #Signal and Speech Processing #Image Processing and Pattern Recognition #WSN#Artificial Intelligence and machine learning #Data mining and warehousing #Data Analytics #Deep learning #Bioinformatics #High Performance computing #Advanced Computer Networking #Cloud Computing #IoT #Parallel Computing on GPU #Human Computer Interactions #Recent Trends in Microelectronics and VLSI Design #Process & Device Technologies #Low-Power Design #Nanometer-Scale Integrated Circuits #Application specific ICs (ASICs) #FPGAs #Nanotechnology #Nano Electronics and Quantum Computing #3. Challenges of Industry and their Solutions, Communications #Advanced Manufacturing Technologies #Artificial Intelligence #Autonomous Robots #Augmented Reality #Big Data Analytics and Business Intelligence #Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) #Digital Clone or Simulation #Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) #Manufacturing IoT #Plant Cyber Security #Smart Solutions – Wearable Sensors and Smart Glasses #System Integration #Small Batch Manufacturing #Visual Analytics #Virtual Reality #3D Printing # Internet of Things (IoT) #Internet of Things (IoT) & IoE & Edge Computing #Distributed Mobile Applications Utilizing IoT #Security, Privacy and Trust in IoT & IoE #Standards for IoT Applications #Ubiquitous Computing #Block Chain-enabled IoT Device and Data Security and Privacy #Application of WSN in IoT #Cloud Resources Utilization in IoT #Wireless Access Technologies for IoT #Mobile Applications and Services for IoT #Machine/ Deep Learning with IoT & IoE #Smart Sensors and Internet of Things for Smart City #Logic, Functional programming and Microcontrollers for IoT #Sensor Networks, Actuators for Internet of Things #Data Visualization using IoT #IoT Application and Communication Protocol #Big Data Analytics for Social Networking using IoT #IoT Applications for Smart Cities #Emulation and Simulation Methodologies for IoT #IoT Applied for Digital Contents #Microwaves and Photonics #Microwave filter #Micro Strip antenna #Microwave Link design #Microwave oscillator #Frequency selective surface #Microwave Antenna #Microwave Photonics #Radio over Fibre #Optical Communication, #Optical Oscillator #Optical Link Design #Optical Phase Lock Loop #Optical Devices #Computation Intelligence and Analytics #Soft Computing #Advance Ubiquitous Computing #Parallel Computing #Distributed Computing #Machine Learning #Information Retrieval #Expert Systems #Data Mining #Text Mining #Data Warehousing #Predictive Analysis #Data Management #Big Data Analytics #Big Data Security #Energy Harvesting and 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Lean Six Sigma Application for Sustainable Production: A Case Study for Margarine Production in Zimbabwe
W.M. Goriwondo¹, N. Maunga²¹Eng. William Msekiwa Goriwondo, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
²Miss Nyasha Maunga., Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 87-96 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0302091512 /2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Lean Six Sigma is an integration of two World Class Manufacturing improvement philosophies(Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma) that help organizations improve their performance and competitiveness. The principles are applied to margarine manufacturing. The Value Stream Mapping tool is used to map the processes and the Six Sigma’s Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control (DMAIC) methodology applied to attain improvements. The Current State Map (CSM) is drawn and using the DMAIC methodology, the Future State Map (FSM) is drawn. The production line ultimately achieves improvements in cycle times and in Value Added time ratio from 39% to 94%. There are envisaged improvements of up to 86% on cycle times for individual processes.
Keywords: Lean Six Sigma, Process Variance, Margarine Production, World Class Manufacturing

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E0293091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:40:59 +0000

Reduction of Power Line Interference by using Adaptive Filtering Techniques in Electrocardiogram
G Sundeep¹, U V Ratna Kumari²¹Sundeep Gottumukkala, Persuing, masters in instrumentation and control systeems from the same university.
²U V Ratna Kumari, Research scholar in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, India.
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 83-86 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0293091512 /2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: — Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is affected by many noise interferences. Out of all the noise effects the power line interference is the predominant one. In this paper the implementation of the adaptive algorithm techniques for reduction in this power line interference is shown and a comparison of these techniques is performed. The adaptive filters used have shown a good improvement in the SNR (Signal– to – Noise Ratio). The LMS (Least mean square), NLMS (Normalized LMS), and SLMS (Sign LMS) algorithms are discussed and compared.
Keywords: ECG (Electrocardiogram), LMS (Least mean square), NLMS (Normalized LMS), SLMS (Sign LMS) and MSE (Mean square error)

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E0271091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:36:57 +0000

A Study on Temperature Sensitivity of Stress Intensity Factor using Finite Element Method
A.Venkateswara Rao¹, NVS Manikanta², Md. Riyajuddin Basha³, Nagaraju⁴, Ch Diwakar⁵, Uday Kiran⁶¹A.Venkateswara Rao, Asst.prof.,Dept .of civil engg,Swarnandhra College of Engineering & Technology, Seetharampuram, A.P, India.
²NVS Manikanta, Dept .of civil engg, Swarnandhra College of Engineering & Technology, Seetharampuram, A.P, India.
³Md.Riyajuddin Basha, Dept .of civil engg, Swarnandhra College of Engineering & Technology, Seetharampuram, A.P, India.
⁴Nagaraju, Dept .of civil engg, Swarnandhra College of Engineering & Technology, Seetharampuram, A.P, India
⁵Ch Diwakar, Dept .of civil engg, Swarnandhra College of Engineering & Technology. Seetharampuram, A.P, India.
⁶Uday Kiran, Dept .of civil engg, Swarnandhra College of Engineering & Technology, Seetharampuram, A.P, India
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 81-82 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0271091512 /2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: When a structure is subjected to any sort of damage such as loadings cracks will be developed. When those structure continuously subjected to repeated loading it leads to catastrophic failure of the structure.in this study ,it is investigated that the effect of the temperature on stress intensity factor. Finite element analysis (Ansys 12.0) is used to investigate the temperature effect on stress intensity factor. A plate with both ends fixed at the top and bottom with an edge crack is tested for a temperature gradient zero at mid thickness to T0C at the edges.The temperature tested in this study are 200C, 250C, 300C, 350C, 400C, 450C and 500C.The stress intensity factor for each rise of temperature are noted. Finally it is found the the stress intensity factor is sensitive to the temperature and it is linear with increase in temperature.
Keywords: Stress Intensity Factor, Temperature

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E0301091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:29:43 +0000

A VLSI Implementation of Modulo 2ⁿ-1Multiplier by using Radix-8 Modified Booth Algorithm
M. Ashokchakravarthi¹, K.V. Ramana Rao²¹M. Ashokchakravarthi, M.tech ECE Department, JNTU Kakinada University, Pydah College of Engineering and Technology, Visakhapatnam, India.
²K.V. Ramana Rao, Associate Professor & Head of the Department, ECE, Pydah College of Engineering and Technology, Visakhapatnam, India.
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 74-80 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0301091512 /2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: A special moduli set Residue Number System (RNS) of high dynamic range (DR) can speed up the execution of very large word-length repetitive multiplications found in applications like public key cryptography. The modulo 2n – 1 multiplier is usually the noncritical datapath among all modulo multipliers in such high-DR RNS multiplier. This timing slack can be exploited to reduce the system area and power consumption without compromising the system performance. With this precept, a family of radix-8 Booth encoded modulo 2n -1 multipliers, with delay adaptable to the RNS multiplier delay, is proposed. The modulo 2 n – 1 multiplier delay is made scalable by controlling the word-length of the ripple carry adder, k employed for radix-8 hard multiple generation. Formal criteria for the selection of the adder word-length are established by analyzing the effect of varying k on the timing of multiplier components. It is proven that for a given n, there exist a number of feasible values of k such that the total bias incurred from the partially-redundant partial products can be counteracted by only a single constant binary string. This compensation constant for different valid combinations of n and k can be precomputed at design time using number theoretic properties of modulo 2n -1 arithmetic and hardwired as a partial product to be accumulated in the carry save adder tree. The proposed radix-8 Booth encoded modulo 2 n – 1 multiplier saves substantial area and power consumption over the radix-4 Booth encoded multiplier in medium to large word-length RNS multiplication.
Keywords: Booth algorithm, design space exploration, modulo arithmetic, multiplier, residue number system (RNS).

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E0303091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:23:18 +0000

An Efficient Segmentation Technique for Mri Medical Images
M. Ganesh¹, V. Palanisamy²¹M.Ganesh, ECE, Info Institute of Engineering, Coimbatore, India..
²V.Palanisamy, Principal, Info Institute of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 70-73 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0303091512 /2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Image segmentation is a technique to locate certain objects or boundaries within an image. Image segmentation plays a crucial role in many medical imaging applications. There are many algorithms and techniques have been developed to solve image segmentation problems. Spectral pattern is not sufficient in high resolution image for image segmentation due to variability of spectral and structural information. Thus the spatial pattern or texture techniques are used. Thus we proposed an efficient image segmentation technique, in which we have used the concept of Adaptive Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm for segmentation of high resolution medical image. The proposed method is implemented in Matlab and verified using various kinds of high resolution medical images. The experimental results shows that the proposed image segmentation system is efficient than the existing segmentation systems.
Keywords: Image Segmentation, Adaptive Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm, Clustering, Gabor Filter, Morphological Operation.

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E0299091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:20:28 +0000

Interpreting Transformer Winding Axial Displa-cements using Transfer Function Parameter
K. Sahitya Yadav¹, M. Prameela², K. Sumanth³, G. Radhakrishna Murthy⁴, Pradeep M. Nirgude⁵¹Ms. K. Sahitya Yadav, EEE Department, Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
²Mrs. M. Prameela, EEE Department, Vignan University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
³Dr.K. Sumanth, EEE Department, Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
⁴Dr. G. Radhakrishna Murthy, EEE Department, Vignan University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
⁵Dr. Pradeep M. Nirgude, UHV Research Laboratory, Central Power Research Institute, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 64-69 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0299091512/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The paper presents the results of the experimental investigation carried out on a transformer to obtain frequency response data under axial displacements. These displacements were physically simulated to study and identify the various parameters that influence the frequency responses. Transfer Function using real rational polynomial technique was computed from the frequency response data. Various transfer function parameters were computed for reference and simulated faulty frequency response data. These parameters are then analyzed to relate changes to characterize the defects. The analysis presented based on the transfer function characteristic parameter changes will help in diagnosing transformer winding axial displacements.
Keywords: Frequency Response Analysis, Real rational polynomial technique, Transfer Function, Transformer winding axial displacement.

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E0295091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:16:28 +0000

Location Dependent Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network
Kamal Kumar¹, Poonam Sharma²¹Prof. Kamal Kumar, Computer Science and Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College/Mullana- Ambala, India,
²Poonam Sharma, Computer Science and Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College/Mullana-Ambala, India.
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 59-63 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0295091512/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: WSN is an emerging technology and have great potential to be employed in critical situations like battlefields and commercial applications such as building, traffic surveillance, habitat monitoring and smart homes and many more scenarios. One of the major challenges wireless sensor networks face today is security. To deliver data without being compromised, WSN services rely on secure communication and key distribution. The existing key management solutions require a large memory space and more number of keys to be stored on each sensor node and still compromise of sensor nodes is critical issue, which must be considered. LDK is most widely used scheme now a days so we tried to work on this scheme. The aim of this paper is to analyze the proposed key management schemes for WSN based on their performance by realizing different environments. The analysis has been done theoretically and implemented through JAVA.
Keywords: Ldk, Leap, Spins, WNS.

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E0294091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:10:45 +0000

A Unified Approach for Forensic Analysis of DDOS Attack in Manet
S. Ahmed¹, S. M. Nirkhi²¹Sarah Ahmed, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering (W.C.C), G. H. Raisoni College. of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
²Prof. S.M. Nirkhi, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, G. H. Raisoni College. of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 56-58 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0294091512/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) facilitates distributed wireless communication without pre-existing centralised infrastructure. The network is mobile and setting of connection is ad-hoc.The design of MANET helps improving network scalability, as well as reducing the time to deploy a new network infrastructure. However, the benefits of MANET come with the cost in reduced security. A typical DDoS attack is the flooding attack in which attackers paralyse the target networks by flooding excessive volume of traffic to deplete key resources of the target. When an attack on the target system is successful enough to crash or disrupt, this event as the breach that triggers investigation. Forensic investigation provide source of network evidence and helpful in design and recovery mechanism for network attacks. This paper review various work done in the field of DDoS attack forensic for MANET.
Keywords: DDoS attack, Fuzzy logic, MANET, Network forensics.

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E0292091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:08:04 +0000

Study of Fractal Circular Patch Micro-Strip Antenna over Traditional Antenna
Rakesh Kumar¹, Gunjan Gupta²¹Rakesh Kumar, M.Tech Scholor Mewar University, Rajasthan, India.
²Gunjan Gupta, Assistant Professor R.K.G.I.T, Ghaziabad, India.
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 50-55 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0292091512/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Today’s antenna systems demand versatility and unobtrusiveness. Operators are looking for systems that can perform over several frequency bands or are reconfigurable as the demands on the system changes. Microstrip or patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they can be printed directly onto a circuit board. Microstrip antennas are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market. Fractal antennas have entered the view of many as a very promising solution. Fractal antennas size can be shrunk from two to four times with surprising good performance over Traditional antenna. Because FEAs(Fractal Element Antenna) are self-loading, no antenna tuning coils or capacitors are necessary. Fractal antenna theory is built, as is the case with conventional antenna theory, on classic electromagnetic theory. Fractal antenna theory uses a modern (fractal) geometry that is a natural extension of Euclidian geometry. Dual and Triple band Fractal circular micro-strip antennas offers increase in bandwidth and gain at all multiband as well as the size of antenna gets reduced.
Keywords: Fractal’s definition, fractal antenna element, types of fractal, fractal geometry, micro-strip antenna.

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E0290091512

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 29 Oct 2021 04:04:49 +0000

An Amalgamated 3D Spatial Data Model for City Modelling
E. E. Duncan¹, A. Abdul Rahman², C. B. Siew³, S.U. Baig⁴¹E. E. Duncan is a researcher with the 3D GIS group of the Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate of the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.
²Prof. Dr. A. Abdul Rahman, is the Head of the 3D GIS group of the Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate of the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.
³B. C. Siew is a researcher with the 3D GIS group of the Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate of the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.
⁴S. U. Baig is a researcher with the 3D GIS group of the Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate of the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.
Manuscript received on October 01, 2012. | Revised Manuscript received on October 05, 2012. | Manuscript published on October 10, 2012. | PP: 45-49 | Volume-1 Issue-5 October 2012. | Retrieval Number: E0290091512/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: 3D spatial data models for city modelling have seen great improvement and most cities around the globe are now attempting to create virtual 3D models of their cities. The current city Earth surface is actually an amalgamation of natural and man-made objects above, on and below the city terrain surface. 3D modelling of subsurface objects and their integration with the surface and above surface objects has not seen much progress and the attempt at viewing above surface and subsurface man-made objects for Earth realism not achieved. Level of Details (LoD) for spatial objects has not been extended to man-made features below the surface. LoD0 maps for surface and subsurface integration exist for most city centres but this does not exist for 3D city models. Hence the need for a 3D data model suitable for above and below surface man-made constructions. This paper discusses 3D spatial data models currently in existence for the integration of surface and subsurface models. A suitable geometric and topological 3D object oriented model (3DOOM) is proposed using the 3D TIN as the base model. A vector approach using implicit geometry is used within a Microsoft Visual C plus plus 2010 programming environment with OpenGL libraries to create 3D spatial objects for the above and below surface man-made constructions. The simulation of an integrated 3D spatial model is presented. A stand-alone above and below 3D spatial models for man-made constructions is assessed up to LoD4 for the subsurface and LoD3 for the above surface in an integrated model.
Keywords: 3D City Model, 3D TIN, 3DOOM, City Earth Surface, 3D Spatial Objects

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