Volume-14 Issue-12, November 2025 – International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

D831014041125

IJITEE Journal — Thu, 20 Nov 2025 05:15:10 +0000

The International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) has ISSN: 2278-3075 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical monthly international journal. This journal is published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) in January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.The journal aims to publish high–quality peer–reviewed original articles in the area of Engineering and Technology that covers Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and all interdisciplinary streams of Engineering and Technology. #Smart Computing and Information Processing #Signal and Speech Processing #Image Processing and Pattern Recognition #WSN#Artificial Intelligence and machine learning #Data mining and warehousing #Data Analytics #Deep learning #Bioinformatics #High Performance computing #Advanced Computer Networking #Cloud Computing #IoT #Parallel Computing on GPU #Human Computer Interactions #Recent Trends in Microelectronics and VLSI Design #Process & Device Technologies #Low-Power Design #Nanometer-Scale Integrated Circuits #Application specific ICs (ASICs) #FPGAs #Nanotechnology #Nano Electronics and Quantum Computing #3. Challenges of Industry and their Solutions, Communications #Advanced Manufacturing Technologies #Artificial Intelligence #Autonomous Robots #Augmented Reality #Big Data Analytics and Business Intelligence #Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) #Digital Clone or Simulation #Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) #Manufacturing IoT #Plant Cyber Security #Smart Solutions – Wearable Sensors and Smart Glasses #System Integration #Small Batch Manufacturing #Visual Analytics #Virtual Reality #3D Printing # Internet of Things (IoT) #Internet of Things (IoT) & IoE & Edge Computing #Distributed Mobile Applications Utilizing IoT #Security, Privacy and Trust in IoT & IoE #Standards for IoT Applications #Ubiquitous Computing #Block Chain-enabled IoT Device and Data Security and Privacy #Application of WSN in IoT #Cloud Resources Utilization in IoT #Wireless Access Technologies for IoT #Mobile Applications and Services for IoT #Machine/ Deep Learning with IoT & IoE #Smart Sensors and Internet of Things for Smart City #Logic, Functional programming and Microcontrollers for IoT #Sensor Networks, Actuators for Internet of Things #Data Visualization using IoT #IoT Application and Communication Protocol #Big Data Analytics for Social Networking using IoT #IoT Applications for Smart Cities #Emulation and Simulation Methodologies for IoT #IoT Applied for Digital Contents #Microwaves and Photonics #Microwave filter #Micro Strip antenna #Microwave Link design #Microwave oscillator #Frequency selective surface #Microwave Antenna #Microwave Photonics #Radio over Fibre #Optical Communication, #Optical Oscillator #Optical Link Design #Optical Phase Lock Loop #Optical Devices #Computation Intelligence and Analytics #Soft Computing #Advance Ubiquitous Computing #Parallel Computing #Distributed Computing #Machine Learning #Information Retrieval #Expert Systems #Data Mining #Text Mining #Data Warehousing #Predictive Analysis #Data Management #Big Data Analytics #Big Data Security #Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transmission #Energy Harvesting and Transfer for Wireless Sensor Networks #Economics of Energy Harvesting Communications #Waveform Optimization for Wireless Power Transfer #RF Energy Harvesting #Wireless Power Transmission #Microstrip Antenna Design and Application #Wearable Textile Antenna #Luminescence #Rectenna #Advance Concept of Networking and Database #Computer Network #Mobile Adhoc Network #Image Security #Application Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Field of Network and Database #Data Analytic #High Performance Computing #Pattern Recognition #Machine Learning (ML) and Knowledge Mining (KM) #Regression and Prediction #Problem Solving and Planning #Clustering #Classification #Neural Information Processing #Vision and Speech Perception #Heterogeneous and Streaming Data #Natural Language Processing #Probabilistic Models and Methods #Reasoning and inference #Marketing and Social Sciences #Data Mining #Knowledge Discovery #Web Mining #Information Retrieval #Design and Diagnosis #Game Playing #Streaming Data #Music Modelling and Analysis #Robotics and Control #Multi-Agent Systems #Bioinformatics #Social Sciences #Industrial Financial and Scientific Applications of All Kind #Advanced Computer Networking Computational Intelligence #Data Management, Exploration, and Mining #Robotics #Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning #Computer Architecture and VLSI #Computer Graphics, Simulation, and Modelling #Digital System and Logic Design #Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation #Parallel and Distributed Algorithms #Pattern Recognition and Analysis #Systems and Software Engineering #Nature Inspired Computing #Signal and Image Processing #Reconfigurable Computing #Cloud, Cluster, Grid and P2P Computing #Biomedical Computing #Advanced Bioinformatics #Green Computing #Mobile Computing #Nano Ubiquitous Computing #Context Awareness and Personalization, Autonomic and Trusted Computing #Cryptography and Applied Mathematics #Security, Trust and Privacy #Digital Rights Management #Networked-Driven Multicourse Chips #Internet Computing #Agricultural Informatics and Communication #Community Information Systems #Computational Economics, Digital Photogrammetric #Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS #Disaster Management #e-governance, e-Commerce, e-business, e-Learning #Forest Genomics and Informatics #Healthcare Informatics #Information Ecology and Knowledge Management #Irrigation Informatics #Neuro-Informatics #Open Source: Challenges and opportunities #Web-Based Learning: Innovation and Challenges #Soft computing Signal and Speech Processing #Natural Language Processing #Communications #Microstrip Antenna #Microwave #Radar and Satellite #Smart Antenna #MIMO Antenna #Wireless Communication #RFID Network and Applications #5G Communication #6G Communication #Algorithms and Complexity #Sequential, Parallel and Distributed Algorithms and Data Structures #Approximation and Randomized Algorithms #Graph Algorithms and Graph Drawing #On-Line and Streaming Algorithms #Analysis of Algorithms and Computational Complexity #Algorithm Engineering #Web Algorithms #Exact and Parameterized Computation #Algorithmic Game Theory #Computational Biology #Foundations of Communication Networks #Computational Geometry #Discrete Optimization #Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering #Software Engineering Methodologies #Agent-Based Software Engineering #Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Software Engineering #Component-Based Software Engineering #Embedded and Ubiquitous Software Engineering #Aspect-Based Software Engineering #Empirical Software Engineering #Search-Based Software Engineering #Automated Software Design and Synthesis #Computer-Supported Cooperative Work #Automated Software Specification #Reverse Engineering #Software Engineering Techniques and Production Perspectives #Requirements Engineering #Software Analysis, Design and Modelling #Software Maintenance and Evolution #Software Engineering Tools and Environments #Software Engineering Decision Support #Software Design Patterns #Software Product Lines #Process and Workflow Management #Reflection and Metadata Approaches #Program Understanding and System Maintenance #Software Domain Modelling and Analysis #Software Economics #Multimedia and Hypermedia Software Engineering #Software Engineering Case Study and Experience Reports #Enterprise Software, Middleware, and Tools #Artificial Intelligent Methods, Models, Techniques #Artificial Life and Societies #Swarm Intelligence #Smart Spaces #Autonomic Computing and Agent-Based Systems #Autonomic Computing #Adaptive Systems #Agent Architectures, Ontologies, Languages and Protocols #Multi-Agent Systems #Agent-Based Learning and Knowledge Discovery #Interface Agents #Agent-Based Auctions and Marketplaces #Secure Mobile and Multi-Agent Systems #Mobile Agents #SOA and Service-Oriented Systems #Service-Centric Software Engineering #Service Oriented Requirements Engineering #Service Oriented 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Learning Systems and Tools #Computer Networks and Inventive Communication Technologies #Addressing & Location Management #Broadband Access Technologies #Adhoc and Sensor Networks #Cross Layer Design and Optimization #Heterogeneous Wireless Networks #High Speed Networks #Internet and Web Applications #Measurement & Performance Analysis #Mobile & Broadband Wireless Internet #Mobile Networks & Wireless LAN #Network Architectures #Network Based Applications #Network Protocols & Wireless Networks #Network Operations & Management #Network Security Trust, & Privacy #Next Generation Internet & Web Architectures #Peer to Peer and Overlay Networks #QOS And Resource Management #Recent Trends & Developments in Computer Networks #Routing, Switching and Addressing Techniques #Self-Organizing Networks and Networked Systems #Ubiquitous Networks #Virtual & Overlay Networks #Wireless Communications #Wireless Mesh Networks and Protocols #Wireless Multimedia Systems #Personal and Wearable Networks 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Innovative Spam Detection Using Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms: A Data-Centric Approach
Sree Vidya Venigalla¹, K.V.D. Kiran²

¹Sree Vidya Venigalla, Student, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation, Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), India.

²Dr. K.V.D. Kiran, Professor, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation, Vijayawada, (Andhra Pradesh), India.

Open Access | Editorial and Publishing Policies | Cite | Zenodo | OJS | Indexing and Abstracting
© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The rise of spam messages, in the form of malware, phishing attacks, and unrequested messages, poses a serious threat to internet users and security infrastructures. Conventional spam filtering techniques that rely solely on strict rules and keyword lists struggle to keep pace with contemporary spammer tactics that mask malicious content. This study proposes a solution to this challenge by developing a hybrid machine learning methodology that leverages Naive Bayes (NB) and a Support Vector Machine (SVM), combining them into an ensemble for improved accuracy and resilience in spam detection. The technique uses the wellknown SMS Spam Collection Dataset. It employs more complex textual feature extraction (TF-IDF), as well as additional nontextual features such as message length, word capitalisation, and the frequency of previously determined keywords. The proposed system is extensively evaluated using standard classification metrics—accuracy, F1 score, precision, and recall —to assess its reliability and validity. The research findings indicate that the proposed machine learning hybrid ensemble is effective at reducing false positives while more boldly tackling the challenges inherent in the real-world spam data environment. The research project offers practical potential for use; the hybrid proposed system is computationally efficient enough for most real-time deployment applications in automated systems to combat spam. This research contributes scalable, adaptive spam-detection mechanisms suitable for real-time messaging environments.

Keywords: Spam Detection; Machine Learning; Naive Bayes; Support Vector Machines; Ensemble Models; Nlp; Text Classification; Cybersecurity; Hybrid Algorithm; Data Analytics.
Scope of the Article: Security Technology

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A118215011225

IJITEE Journal — Thu, 20 Nov 2025 04:44:14 +0000

Systematic Review of Microgrids Protection: Challenges, Methods, and Solutions
Houssem Ben Aribia¹, Ferchichi Noureddine², Slim Abid³

¹Dr. Houssem Ben Aribia, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia.

²Dr. Ferchichi Noureddine, National High Engineering School of Tunis, Tunisia.

³Dr. Slim Abid, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract: Microgrids, pivotal in modern power systems, face unique protection challenges due to bidirectional power flows, dynamic topologies, and inverter-based resources (IBRs). This systematic review critically analyzes 55 peer-reviewed studies (2020-2024) to evaluate microgrid protection challenges, methods, and emerging solutions. We synthesize findings from IEEE Xplore, MDPI, Springer, Wiley, and Taylor & Francis databases using the PRISMA framework. Key challenges include bidirectional power flow (36% of studies), low fault currents (33%), and protection coordination failures (62%). Conventional methods like overcurrent and distance protection struggle with adaptability, while adaptive, communication-assisted, and intelligent strategies show promise but face complexity and cybersecurity risks. AI-driven methodologies achieve a fault-detection accuracy of 99.2%. However, they require substantial datasets and considerable computational resources. Resilience frameworks remain inadequately developed, with merely 10% of the literature addressing critical metrics such as reliability and recovery. This review underscores the imperative for hybrid solutions and the establishment of standardised resilience metrics. It also highlights the importance of validating findings in real-world contexts to ensure the practical application of theoretical progress. Future investigations should emphasise the importance of cybersecurity measures, the implementation of modular enhancements for legacy systems, and the development of explainable artificial intelligence to reconcile theoretical progress with practical application.

Keywords: Adaptive Protection, Conventional Protection, Intelligent Protection, Microgrid, Systematic Review.
Scope of the Article: Electrical and Electronics

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A117515011225

IJITEE Journal — Thu, 20 Nov 2025 04:30:59 +0000

Comparison of Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for Underwater Image Classification
Krystian Kozakiewicz

Krystian Kozakiewicz, Department of Autonomous Systems, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia (Pomorskie), Poland.

Abstract: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) play an essential role in classifying images collected in real-world environments. This article presents a performance comparison of selected CNNs for image classification tasks related to marine flora and fauna, using recordings from an Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV). An attempt was made to find suitable CNN architectures for processing images of a poor-visibility marine environment among five commonly used architectures. The research was based on a uniform model training system: the same dataset and identical optimisation parameters were used to demonstrate the learning capabilities of each architecture. Thanks to the uniform CNN learning system, their direct learning capabilities for specific images can be more accurately estimated. This means that the conducted experiments showed that, in the early stage of training, the analysed networks achieved similar learning results, whereas the differences concerned the final training accuracy. The best results were achieved with models such as ResNet50, which have the most advanced architecture. Advanced models achieve improved classification of complex and distorted images by leveraging more parameters. The results provide insights into the performance of different architectures in underwater image classification and serve as a reference for further research on deep learning applications in marine environment monitoring.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks, Unmanned Underwater Vehicles.
Scope of the Article: Artificial Intelligence and Methods

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A119515011225

IJITEE Journal — Thu, 20 Nov 2025 04:16:57 +0000

Comprehensive Security Framework for the Dark Web Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Sree Vidya Venigalla¹, K.V.D Kiran²

¹Sree Vidya Venigalla, Student, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation, Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), India.

²Dr. K.V.D Kiran, Professor, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation, Vijayawada, (Andhra Pradesh), India.

Abstract: The dark web is a hidden part of the internet that allows users to communicate securely and anonymously, often using applications such as Tor. This paper specifically addresses the use of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for enhanced security within a dark web context, where, although traditional cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA, possess unassailable cryptographic value, they are often computationally inefficient for non-standard computing environments, and do not scale well. We compare ECC and RSA performance in terms of key generation time, encryption/decryption time, and memory usage, and find that ECC outperforms RSA across all metrics in challenging, limitedresource networks. In our testing, we simulate the real-world operational environment of anonymizing networks by using test messages and message flow logs that are anonymized. We demonstrate the relative improvements in computational time and memory usage of ECC over RSA while maintaining equivalent cryptographic strength. Using these results, we create an integrated multi-layered security construct, which uses ECC, evaluates and classifies threat information using machine learning methods to detect anomalies in near real-time, and constructs a blockchain model to allow decentralized audit trail tracking, resulting in a substantially enhanced security and privacy solution to address the unique requirements of anonymous communication in a dark web environment. This study helps to address the lack of empirical evaluations of ECC in dark web contexts, presenting a practical roadmap for implementing innovative cryptographic and analysis protocols for digital anonymity. Various outcomes support the efficacy of pairing lightweight encryption with intelligent behavioural analytics to counter evolving cyber threats. The framework provides a scalable, flexible, and consistently relevant option for countering a rapidly changing threat while enabling future work on post-quantum cryptography.

Keywords: Anonymity, Blockchain, Cyber Threats, Dark Web, Encryption, Onion Routing, Tor, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), Machine Learning, Cybersecurity.
Scope of the Article: Information and Data Security

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D831314041125

IJITEE Journal — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 04:55:15 +0000

A Parametric Study on PSC Integral Bridge
Priyadarshani Mishra¹, Roshni John²

¹Priyadarshani Mishra, Department of Civil Engineering, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai (M.H.), India.

²Prof. Roshni John, Department of Civil Engineering, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai (M.H.), India.

Abstract: Integral Bridges are jointless bridges in which the deck is continuous and monolithic with abutment walls, and superstructure and substructure connections are monolithic. Bearing-type bridge observed unseating of the deck during the earthquake, necessitating replacement of the bearings and expansion joint, resulting in high maintenance costs. Due to their continuity, integral bridges are less expensive, possess an aesthetically pleasing appearance, and improve riding quality & low maintenance costs. To overcome the problem of the bearing bridge, an integral bridge has been proposed. A literature review of integral bridges and bearing bridges has been conducted and presented. To understand behaviour under different loading conditions, a comparative study was conducted for Integral bridges and bridges with bearings. For the present study, a 2-lane bridge with two spans and an individual span length of 30m is considered. PSC I-girder superstructure and RCC solid circular pier and wall-type abutment are used. For a comparative study, all properties and loadings are kept constant; the only change is made to the support condition between the superstructure and the substructure. A parametric study was conducted to analyse the PSC I girder Integral bridge with different skew angles, and also the effect of No. of Lanes. Analysis of these models has been done using Midas Civil as a computational tool.

Keywords: Integral Prestressed Concrete Bridges, Shear Forces, Bearing Bridges, Bending Moments, Prestressing Forces, Material Properties, Finite Element Analysis, Torsional Effects, Displacement, IRC Loading.
Scope of the Article: Structural Engineering

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Volume-14 Issue-12, November 2025 – International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

D831014041125

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