Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 – International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

C0462022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:52:28 +0000

The International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) has ISSN: 2278-3075 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical monthly international journal. This journal is published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) in January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.The journal aims to publish high–quality peer–reviewed original articles in the area of Engineering and Technology that covers Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and all interdisciplinary streams of Engineering and Technology. #Smart Computing and Information Processing #Signal and Speech Processing #Image Processing and Pattern Recognition #WSN#Artificial Intelligence and machine learning #Data mining and warehousing #Data Analytics #Deep learning #Bioinformatics #High Performance computing #Advanced Computer Networking #Cloud Computing #IoT #Parallel Computing on GPU #Human Computer Interactions #Recent Trends in Microelectronics and VLSI Design #Process & Device Technologies #Low-Power Design #Nanometer-Scale Integrated Circuits #Application specific ICs (ASICs) #FPGAs #Nanotechnology #Nano Electronics and Quantum Computing #3. Challenges of Industry and their Solutions, Communications #Advanced Manufacturing Technologies #Artificial Intelligence #Autonomous Robots #Augmented Reality #Big Data Analytics and Business Intelligence #Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) #Digital Clone or Simulation #Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) #Manufacturing IoT #Plant Cyber Security #Smart Solutions – Wearable Sensors and Smart Glasses #System Integration #Small Batch Manufacturing #Visual Analytics #Virtual Reality #3D Printing # Internet of Things (IoT) #Internet of Things (IoT) & IoE & Edge Computing #Distributed Mobile Applications Utilizing IoT #Security, Privacy and Trust in IoT & IoE #Standards for IoT Applications #Ubiquitous Computing #Block Chain-enabled IoT Device and Data Security and Privacy #Application of WSN in IoT #Cloud Resources Utilization in IoT #Wireless Access Technologies for IoT #Mobile Applications and Services for IoT #Machine/ Deep Learning with IoT & IoE #Smart Sensors and Internet of Things for Smart City #Logic, Functional programming and Microcontrollers for IoT #Sensor Networks, Actuators for Internet of Things #Data Visualization using IoT #IoT Application and Communication Protocol #Big Data Analytics for Social Networking using IoT #IoT Applications for Smart Cities #Emulation and Simulation Methodologies for IoT #IoT Applied for Digital Contents #Microwaves and Photonics #Microwave filter #Micro Strip antenna #Microwave Link design #Microwave oscillator #Frequency selective surface #Microwave Antenna #Microwave Photonics #Radio over Fibre #Optical Communication, #Optical Oscillator #Optical Link Design #Optical Phase Lock Loop #Optical Devices #Computation Intelligence and Analytics #Soft Computing #Advance Ubiquitous Computing #Parallel Computing #Distributed Computing #Machine Learning #Information Retrieval #Expert Systems #Data Mining #Text Mining #Data Warehousing #Predictive Analysis #Data Management #Big Data Analytics #Big Data Security #Energy Harvesting and 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Automatic Fragmentation and Storage of Code in Component Repository w.r.t their Input and Output Interfaces: A Tool
Pankaj Vohra¹, Ashima Singh²
¹Pankaj Vohra, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala (Punjab), India.
²Ashima Singh, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala (Punjab), India.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 235-238 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0462022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Develop once, Use once is the common approach followed by software developers in software industry. Lot of software development effort, cost as well as time is wasted if the software components can’t be reused further. These efforts can be saved by reusing available components. In order to increase the availability of reusable components (with or for reuse), we need an effective component storage structure i.e. Repository and also automatic component addition and extraction from Component Repository. Auto-Detect-Fragment-Store is a staged technique which is used for the automatic storage and retrieval of source-code components. A component repository is constructed which stores automatically, fragmented code on the basis of inputs and outputs. This work is an effort towards automating component storage, its addition and retrieval in a way component can be reused and software reusability is enhanced.
Keywords: Component, CBD (Component Based Development), CBSE (Component Based Software Engineering), Component Repository, Repository.
Scope of the Article: Component-Based Software Engineering

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C0437022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:45:11 +0000

Development of Battery Charge/Discharge Regulator for Photovoltaic Systems
Dianguina Diarisso¹, Mamadou Saliou Diallo², Amadou Diao³, Ousmane Sow⁴, Idrissa Gaye⁵, Fabé Idrissa Barro⁶, Grégoire Sissoko⁷
¹Dr. Dianguina Diarisso, Department of Networks and Industrial Informatics, CFPT, Dakar, Senegal.
²M. Mamadou Saliou Diallo, Department of Networks and Industrial Informatics, CFPT, Dakar, Senegal.
³Dr. Amadou Diao, Department of Physics, FST-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.
⁴M. Ousmane Sow, Lycée Technique de Thiès, Thiès, Sénégal.
⁵M. Idrissa Gaye, Bloc Scientifique de Thiès, Thiès, Sénégal.
⁶Dr. Fabé Idrissa Barro, Department of Physics, FST-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.
⁷Prof. Grégoire Sissoko, Department of Physics, FST-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 231-234 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0437022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: This work present the development of a battery charge/discharge regulator for photovoltaic systems. The system is designed to operate at 12V and accept solar panel up to 100W. The charge/discharge regulator is an analog one with protections respectively against battery deep discharge and overcharge, thermal drift, short circuit and polarity inversion. The proposed regulator has been realized and tested in a solar home system (SHS) composed with AC lamps and DC/AC inverter.
Keywords: Battery, Charge/Discharge, Regulator, SHS.
Scope of the Article: Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)

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C0440022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:36:52 +0000

Dynamic Data Aggregation Tree for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Network
Deepali Virmani¹, Gargi Mandal², Nidhi Beniwal³, Saloni Talwar⁴
¹Deepali Virmani, Department of CSE, BPIT, GGSIPU, (New Delhi), India.
²Gargi Mandal, Department of CSE, BPIT, GGSIPU, (New Delhi), India.
³Nidhi Beniwal, Department of CSE, BPIT, GGSIPU, (New Delhi), India.
⁴Saloni Talwar, Department of CSE, BPIT, GGSIPU, (New Delhi), India.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 226-230 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0440022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Energy efficiency is the most important issue in all facets of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operations because of the limited and non-replenish able energy supply. Data aggregation mechanism is one of the possible solutions to prolong the life time of sensor nodes and on the other hand it also helps in eliminating the data redundancy and improving the accuracy of information gathering, is essential for WSNs. Thus we can say that a key challenging question in Wireless Sensor Network is to schedule nodes activities to reduce energy consumption. In this paper we propose a Dynamic Data Aggregation Tree Algorithm (DDAT) in which we create aggregation tree which aim to reduce energy consumption, minimizing the distance traversed and minimizing the cost in terms of energy consumption. In DDAT the node having maximum available energy is used as parent node/ aggregator node. We concluded with the best possible aggregation tree minimizing energy utilization, minimizing cost and hence maximizing network lifetime.
Keywords: Aggregation, Energy, Cost, Distance.
Scope of the Article: Data Mining and Warehousing

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C0453022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:29:03 +0000

Hypervisor: A Survey on Concepts and Taxonomy
Ankita Desai¹, Rachana Oza², Pratik Sharma³, Bhautik Patel⁴
¹Ankita Desai, Department of Computer Engineering, CHARUSAT, Changa, India.
²Rachana Oza, Department of Computer Engineering, CHARUSAT, Changa, India.
³Pratik Sharma, Department of Computer Engineering, CHARUSAT, Changa, India.
⁴Bhautik Patel, Department of Computer Engineering, CHARUSAT, Changa, India.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 222-225 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0453022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Because of the advancement of VLSI technology and aggregate throughput of all devices of servers, we are having tremendous computing power which could not be utilized either 100% or optimized way. Virtualization technique has solved this problem by providing proper utilization of hardware resources. Virtualization refers to the abstraction of computer resources. It separates user and applications from the specific hardware characteristics they use to perform their task and thus creates virtual environment. The purpose of creating virtual environment is to improve resource utilization by aggregating heterogeneous and autonomous resources. This can be provided by adding a layer called HYPERVISOR between OS and underlying hardware. There are many market players who have launched the hypervisor. This paper mentions architectural specification of each hypervisor followed by common characteristics that each hypervisor poses.
Keywords: AMD, Cloud Computing, Hypervisor, Intel VT-x, Virtualization.
Scope of the Article: Cloud Computing

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C0460022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:21:57 +0000

Generating More Reusable Components while Development: A Technique
Navneet Kaur¹, Ashima Singh²
¹Navneet Kaur, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala (Punjab), India.
²Ashima Singh, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala (Punjab), India.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 215-221 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0460022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The Component Based Software Development (CBSD) is increasingly being adopted for software development. This approach uses reusable components as building blocks for constructing software systems. The main advantages of CBSD are reduced development time, cost and efforts along with many others. The advantages are mainly provided by the reuse of already built-in software components. But there are many factors that affect the reusability of a component across many applications. Some factors can be resolved during the development of the component to make component more reusable. In this paper, some factors that affect the component reusability have been discussed with the techniques to resolve those factors. Thus a technique has been proposed for Software Component Development Organizations (SCDO) to be used while developing the components in order to generate more reusable component.
Keywords: CBSD, Component, Reusability, SDCO.
Scope of the Article: Recent Trends & Developments in Computer Networks

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C0468022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:16:32 +0000

Hamming Distance Polygram Substitution Algorithm for Coding Optimization & Security
Atul S. Joshi¹, P. R. Deshmukh²
¹Prof. Atul S. Joshi, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Sipna College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati (M.S), India.
²Dr. P.R. Deshmukh, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Sipna College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati (M.S), India.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 211-214 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0468022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The joint approach of integrating selective encryption & coding optimization is presented in this paper. Binary bit stream of the input is divided into the plaintext chunk of 64 bits. Random Key of 128 bits is generated. Key bits are then selected randomly. These randomly selected bits are change again randomly according to plaintext bits. Hamming distance is calculated in between the plaintext & changed key bits. Based on this Hamming distance codebook is form. Index of the codeword is treated as a cipher text which is itself a compressed code. Two levels of encryption is achieved in this work which makes the algorithm more secured than other encryption algorithm. The proposed algorithm is compared for standard test image on the basis compression performance & computational complexity. The result taken shows better performance of the proposed method over other standard methods.
Keywords: Hamming Distance, Polygram Substitution, Key, Encryption, Compression.
Scope of the Article: Discrete Optimization

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C0466022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:09:23 +0000

Benthic Diatoms in River Influenced by Urban Pollution, Bhavani Region, Cauvery River, South India
R.Venkatachalapathy¹, P. Karthikeyan²
¹R.Venkatachalapathy, Department of Geology, Periyar University, Salem (Tamil Nadu), India
²P.Karthikeyan, Department of Geology, Periyar University, Salem (Tamil Nadu), India
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 206-210 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0466022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The present-day study assesses diatom communities in river with relation to environmental conditions. Diatoms are susceptible to environmental conditions in river and their distribution is mainly governed by the physicochemical composition of the water. Diatoms and water samples were collected in 5 locations during summer season (May 2012). Analysed data were interpreted and the results are represented. Four statistical methods were used in this study, Cluster analysis, Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Principal component analysis (PCA) and Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were determined the species distribution and environmental gradients along polluted and unpolluted area with physical and chemical variables. A total of 37 diatom species distributed among 17 genera were recorded. The significance of water quality difference among the sampling sites was expressed by four strastical methods. Highly polluted water contain diatom species like Pleurosigma salinarum, Nitzschia thermalis, Gomphonema parvulum, Gomponema lanceolatum, Fragilaria intermedia in the densely populated and highly industrialized locations and slightly polluted water present the diatom species like Achnanthes minutissiuma Kutz, Cyclotella catenata and Cymbella tumida among sampling sites.
Keywords: Diatom, Statistical Method, Polluted Water.
Scope of the Article: Bio-Science and Bio-Technology

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C0465022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:02:49 +0000

Computational and Experimental Study for Rational Design of Proteins
Devajit Mahanta¹, Prabodh Sarmah², Gautam Kr. Handique³
¹Mr. Devajit Mahanta, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Nalbari College, (Assam), India.
²Dr. Prabodh Sarmah, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Nalbari College, (Assam), India.
³Dr. Gautam Kr. Handique, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Nalbari College, (Assam), India.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 196-205 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0465022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the sequence of their genes, and which usually results in folding of the protein into a specific three dimensional structure that determines its activity. Proteins are the most multifaceted macromolecules in living systems and have various important functions, including structural, catalytic, sensory, and regulatory functions. Rational design of enzymes is a great challenge to our understanding of protein structure and physical chemistry and has numerous potential applications. Protein design algorithms have been applied to design or engineer proteins that fold, fold faster, catalyze, catalyze faster, signal, and adopt preferred conformational states. The field of de novo protein design, although only a few decades old, is beginning to produce exciting results. Developments in this field are already having a significant impact on biotechnology and chemical biology. The application of powerful computational methods for functional protein designing has recently succeeded at engineering target activities. Here, we review recently reported de novo functional proteins that were developed using various protein design approaches, including rational design, computational optimization, and selection from combinatorial libraries, highlighting recent advances and successes.
Keywords: Protein, Amino Acids, Computational Optimization.
Scope of the Article: Computational Economics, Digital Photogrammetric

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C0464022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 10:51:16 +0000

Geochemical Studies in Edapatty Puthur Village, Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India
P. Palpandian³, R. Jayagopal²
¹P. Palpandian, Department of Geology, Periyar University, Salem (Tamil Nadu), India.
²R. Jayagopal, Principal, L.R.G. Government Arts and Science, College Women (Tamil Nadu), India.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 191-195 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0464022313/2013©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Edapatty is a small village in Attur taluk of Salem District in Tamil Nadu. To understand groundwater quality for pre and post-monsoon period, the pre-monsoon season over exploitation of groundwater leads to water level decreases. Thus the main objective of this study is to give an account of the hydrogeochemistry of the region, to trace the sourced of principal chemical constituents, their concentration and effects on utility. As a result, groundwater becomes very hard. In order to bring out the various physical and chemical characteristics of the groundwater in the study area, twenty four representative groundwater samples were collected from various location of the study area and analysed for various parameters and the result were reported in this project to arrive at a possible solution. After heavy rainfall from NE and SW Monsoon, the total hardness of the water decrease and get diluted due to infiltration. It leaches some chemical constituents, which are derived from fertilizers like Gypsum and Sulphate fertilizers used by farmers for the agriculture. It leads to concentration of Na, K and SO4 in groundwater. After precipitation, Ca, Mg and Cl concentration decreases. It may be due to dilution of these elements by the percolation of water.
Keywords: Hydro Geochemistry, Groundwater, Fertilizer, Precipitation.
Scope of the Article: Bio-Science and Bio-Technology

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C0463022313

IJITEE Journal — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 10:33:29 +0000

FPGA Implementation of Efficient Hardware for the Advanced Encryption Standard
Amandeep Kaur¹, Puneet Bhardwaj², Naveen Kumar³
¹Amandeep Kaur, Department of Electronics and Communication, Thapar University, Patiala (Punjab), India.
²Puneet Bhardwaj, Department of Electronics and Communication, Thapar University, Patiala (Punjab), India.
³Naveen Kumar, Department of Electronics and Communication, Thapar University, Patiala (Punjab), India.
Manuscript received on 07 February 2013 | Revised Manuscript received on 21 February 2013 | Manuscript Published on 28 February 2013 | PP: 187-190 | Volume-2 Issue-3, February 2013 | Retrieval Number: C0463022313/2013©BEIESP
Open Access | Editorial and Publishing Policies | Cite | Mendeley | Indexing and Abstracting
© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: We present an efficient hardware architecture design & implementation of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) – Rijndael cryptosystem. The AES algorithm defined by the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) of United States has been widely accepted. All the cryptographic algorithms developed can be implemented with software or built with pure hardware. However with the help of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) we tend to find expeditious solution and which can be easily upgraded to integrateany concordat changes. This contribution investigates the AES encryption and decryption cryptosystem with regard to FPGA and Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description language (VHDL). Optimized and Synthesizable VHDL code is developed for the implementation of both 128-bit data encryption and decryption process. Xilinx ISE 10.1 software is used for simulation. Each program is tested with some of the sample vectors provided by NIST and output results are perfect with minimal delay. The synthesis results found from FPGA implementation by Xilinx Synthesis Tool on Virtex II pro kit shows that the computation time for generating the ciphertext by AES with 4 sbox and 2 dual port RAM is 6.922 ns.
Keywords: Cryptography, Advanced Encryption Standard, Rijndael, S-box, Key Expansion, Cipher Text.
Scope of the Article: FPGAs

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