Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 – International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

B2542128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:49:22 +0000

The International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) has ISSN: 2278-3075 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical monthly international journal. This journal is published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) in January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.The journal aims to publish high–quality peer–reviewed original articles in the area of Engineering and Technology that covers Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and all interdisciplinary streams of Engineering and Technology. #Smart Computing and Information Processing #Signal and Speech Processing #Image Processing and Pattern Recognition #WSN#Artificial Intelligence and machine learning #Data mining and warehousing #Data Analytics #Deep learning #Bioinformatics #High Performance computing #Advanced Computer Networking #Cloud Computing #IoT #Parallel Computing on GPU #Human Computer Interactions #Recent Trends in Microelectronics and VLSI Design #Process & Device Technologies #Low-Power Design #Nanometer-Scale Integrated Circuits #Application specific ICs (ASICs) #FPGAs #Nanotechnology #Nano Electronics and Quantum Computing #3. Challenges of Industry and their Solutions, Communications #Advanced Manufacturing Technologies #Artificial Intelligence #Autonomous Robots #Augmented Reality #Big Data Analytics and Business Intelligence #Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) #Digital Clone or Simulation #Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) #Manufacturing IoT #Plant Cyber Security #Smart Solutions – Wearable Sensors and Smart Glasses #System Integration #Small Batch Manufacturing #Visual Analytics #Virtual Reality #3D Printing # Internet of Things (IoT) #Internet of Things (IoT) & IoE & Edge Computing #Distributed Mobile Applications Utilizing IoT #Security, Privacy and Trust in IoT & IoE #Standards for IoT Applications #Ubiquitous Computing #Block Chain-enabled IoT Device and Data Security and Privacy #Application of WSN in IoT #Cloud Resources Utilization in IoT #Wireless Access Technologies for IoT #Mobile Applications and Services for IoT #Machine/ Deep Learning with IoT & IoE #Smart Sensors and Internet of Things for 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Simulating Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm in Calculation of Energy Cost with respect to Multipath Routing for Node Capture Attack in WSN
Ruby Bhatt¹, Priti Maheshwary², Piyush Shukla³
¹Ruby Bhatt, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Rabindranath Tagore University, Formerly Known as AISECT University, Bhopal (M.P), India.
²Priti Maheshwary, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Rabindranath Tagore University, Formerly known as AISECT University, Bhopal (M.P), India.
³Piyush Kumar Shukla, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, UIT, RGPV, Bhopal (M.P), India.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 62-65 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2542128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The concept of ‘Smart’ has made sensors very much prominent in one’s life. In this smart world, Wireless sensor network (WSN) [1]is another area of interest. There are good side and bad side of coin when dealt with WSN. Good side of WSN has made its presence felt in various areas but bad side has made it susceptible to different types of physical attacks. It is collection of tiny sized sensor nodes. And the tiny sensor nodes have limited resource capacity. It is screened to external atmosphere for circulating data. But, due to its mobile nature, nodes are susceptible for many types of attacks. Node capture attack is supposed to be severe attack in WSN [2]. In this type, the node is substantially captured by an assailant and eradicates the secret information from the node`s storage. This paper proposes aFruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (FFOA) [13]. It is based on multiple objectives [4] node capture attack algorithm.Proposed algorithm serves these objectives: maximum node contribution [4], maximum key contribution [4], and leastresource expenses [4].Routing can be single path or it may be multipath. The simulation result illustrates that FFOA obtains a lower energy cost andlower attacking roundsas compared with matrix algorithm (MA) [5] and other node capture attack algorithms for multipath routing.
Keyword: Vertex, Seizure, Fruit Fly, Optimization, Capture, Vulnerable.
Scope of the Article: Wireless ad hoc & Sensor Networks

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B2545128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:45:42 +0000

Secure and area Efficient Implementation of Digital Image Watermarking on Reconfigurable Platform
Altaf O. Mulani¹, P. B. Mane²
¹Altaf O. Mulani, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, AISSMS Institute of Information Technology, Pune (Maharashtra), India.
²Dr. P. B. Mane, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, AISSMS Institute of Information Technology, Pune (Maharashtra), IndiaManuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 56-61 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2545128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Now a day digital data is easy to process but it permits unauthorized consumers to access this information. To protect this information from unauthorized access, cryptography and watermarking are the commonly used techniques. In this paper, implementation of fast and area efficient Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) oriented invisible image watermarking system integrated with cryptography on reconfigurable platform is suggested. In DWT implementation, simplified formulae are derived for generation of approximation and detailed coefficients due to which this operation utilizes simply 306 slice registers and its maximum operational frequency is 556.174 MHz. In AES implementation, keys are initially generated using MATLAB and then these keys are used in the Xilinx System Generator based model due to which this implementation occupies 121 slice registers and its maximum operating frequency is 1102.536 MHz. Complete system is designed using Xilinx SysGen tool and Vivado. Simulation is accomplished using MATLAB Simulink. Watermark embedding system is implemented on Artix7 FPGA (xc7a100t-1csg324) and it utilizes 2961 slices at maximum operating frequency of 148.895 MHz. Watermark extraction system is implemented on Artix7 FPGA (xc7a35t-1cpg236) and it occupies 87 slices.
Keyword: Watermarking, Cryptography, DWT, AES, FPGA, VLSI.
Scope of the Article: VLSI Algorithms

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B2549128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:42:05 +0000

Design, Simulation & Fabrication of Multiband Octagonal Patch Antenna
D. Sharmila¹, M. Purnachandra Rao², P. S. V. Subbarao³, S Nagakishore Bhavanam⁴
¹Smt. D. Sharmila, Research Scholar, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, Andhra University, Guest Faculty, Acharya Nagarjuna University Guntur, India.
²Dr. M. Purnachandra Rao, Professor, Department of System design, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
³Dr. P. S. V. Subbarao, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
⁴Dr. S Nagakishore Bhavanam, Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Acharya Nagarjuna University Guntur, India.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 51-55 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2549128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Due to rapid improvement in population multi band antenna are required because of a single antenna can work for multiple applications and antenna should behave as a versatile. In this paper a new model of multiband octagonal patch antenna is developed. The main advantages of multi band antennas are its reduced size and for multiband operation. The proposed multiband octagonal patch antenna can be operated in six different frequencies and 5 frequency bands. The developed antenna is applicable to C, Ku, K, Q and U-bands transmission. The proposed antenna has been designed, simulated by using HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator) software 15.0 and Fabricated, analyzed by combinational Analyzer. The simulated return losses obtained are -12.2dB, -14.0dB, -17.4dB, -17.8dB, -20.5dB and -10.9dB at 7.6GHz, 12.0GHz, 24.5GHz, 37.7GHz, 43.2GHz and 47.9GHz respectively and obtained VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) values are 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1 and 1.7. The measured (fabricated) return losses obtained are -11.9dB, -13.9dB, -17.1dB, -17.5dB, -20.1dB and -10.6dB at 7.6GHz, 12.0GHz, 24.5GHz, 37.7GHz, 43.2GHz and 47.9GHz respectively and obtained VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) values are 1.5, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1, 1.1 and 1.6. The obtained VSWR values are ˂2 (ideal case is 1). It is observed that good agreement between measured (fabricated) and simulated results. The measured results are analyzed by combinational analyzer. The proposed antenna is capable of handling C, Ku, K, Q and U-band applications in an efficient manner.
Keyword: Octagonal patch antenna, C-band, Ku-band, K-band, Q-band, U-band, HFSS, Return loss, VSWR.
Scope of the Article: Design and Diagnosis

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B2548128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:38:15 +0000

A Comparative Study on Maslow’s Theory and Indian Ashrama System
Mukund Sarda¹, Bhagyashree Deshpande², Sapna Deo³, Rajesh Karanjkar⁴
¹Dr. Mukund Sarda, New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, (Maharashtra), India.
²Dr. Bhagyashree Deshpande, New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, (Maharashtra), India..
³Dr. Sapna Deo, New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, (Maharashtra), India
⁴Mr. Rajesh Karanjkar, New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, (Maharashtra), India.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 48-50 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2548128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: This paper aims to take a comparative view about the Indian Ashram System and Maslow’s study. It in no way tries to prove that which one is better or wrong but it gives a holistic universal approach to the studies conducted by Maslow and its relevance practiced by Indian Vedic culture. It is important to note that the parallels drawn between the two social theories not only make the two theories understand better but also gives a deep understanding of technique of motivation that are stable and enduring. Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs was published in 1943 in a journal psychological Review. Already there are numerous critical studies done on this topic. And many have differed with this study and its relevance in today’s world by diversifying it into cultures, individual needs and so on. Yet the basic structure of the theory should be understood and there should be a deeper understanding of his works as this proves to be a basis of most of the managerial thoughts today. The theory talks about the basic human tendencies and behavioural patterns and more studies should be conducted to inculcate its references in today’s world. Some of the critics criticize it as not being relevant in today’s world but the relevance could be found out in some of the managerial practices even today. which would be later discussed in this article.
Keyword: Maslow’s Theory, Perspective, Indian Ashrama System.
Scope of the Article: Information Ecology and Knowledge Management

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B2547128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:33:07 +0000

Smart City – Use of Technology and the Needed Labor Reforms
Mukund Sarda¹, Bhagyashree Deshpande², Salil Shringarpure³
¹Dr. Mukund Sarda, New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune (Maharashtra), India.
²Dr. Bhagyashree Deshpande, New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune (Maharashtra), India.
³Dr. Salil Shringarpure, New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune (Maharashtra), India.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 45-47 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2547128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The Prime Minister, Sri. Narendra Damodar Das Modi, on 2nd October, 2015 inaugurated a remarkable national campaign of ‘Clean India’ on the Raj Ghat. This campaign finds its roots from the ‘doctrine of Swach Bahrat’, which was pioneered by Gandhiji. This doctrine encompasses two proverbial statements; a) a sound mind in a sound body; b) cleanliness is next to Godliness but also lead to disease free life. However, in its present state the concept of ‘Swach Bharat’ appears to have added a new dimension of ‘smart cities’ with itself, for it is important for the states pursuing to become ‘smart’ to ensure that they also inculcate the elements of ‘Swach Bharat Mission’. Therefore, it becomes evident that there are certain objectives laid down in this mission that are to be achieved. Also, there have been various judicial pronouncements regarding Right to live in a proper environment free from the dangers of diseases and infection, Maintenance of health, preservation of the sanitation, etc. and their nexus with Article 21 of the Constituion, which contribute to the wide spectrum of ‘Swach Bharat mission’. However, it is worthwhile to note that since the mission is at a very early stage, in order for it be successful the government will have to bring several labour reforms, such as, enactment of ‘National Swachh (maintenance, regulation and development) Act’, social security of workers also needs special attention like Provident Fund, Pension, gratuity etc. The paper will elucidate further on such similar labour reforms that are needed to be introduced in order for this mission to become a reality all over India.
Keyword: Smart Cities, Labour reforms, Swach Bharat, Public Health, Technology, Clean India
Scope of the Article: Healthcare Informatics

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B2546128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:29:27 +0000

An Interactive Tool for Protein – Protein Interaction Network Visualization
Varsha H. Patil¹, Swati K. Bhavsar²
¹Dr. Varsha H. Patil, Department of Computer Engineering, Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre (MCERC), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune (Maharashtra), India.
²Ms. Swati K. Bhavsar, Department of Computer Engineering, Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre (MCERC), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune (Maharashtra), India.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 41-44 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2546128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: In scientific research, visualization of protein- protein interaction network is an important aspect. Protein- protein interaction contains two or more proteins binding together to form an interaction network. This interaction network is formed with nodes as proteins and interaction between them as edges. In this paper, an algorithm Graphviz as an interactive visualization tool for protein- protein interaction network visualization has been discussed. The proposed algorithm is tested on PPI network datasets. Experimental results clearly illustrates that it works efficiently for visualization of PPI densed graphs.
Keyword: Interaction, Protein, PPI, Visualization
Scope of the Article: Data Visualization using IoT

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B2541128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:25:31 +0000

Analysis of Cloud Log Files to Prevent Account Hijacking Attacks in Hybrid Cloud
Rahul Jain¹, Sachin Goyal², Ratish Agrawal³
¹Rahul Jain, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Radharaman Institute of Research and Technology, RGPV University, Bhopal (M.P), India.
²Sachin Goyal, Assistant Professor, Department of Information and Technology, University Institute of Technology, RGPV Bhopal (M.P), India.
³Ratish Agrawal, Assistant Professor, Department of Information and Technology, University Institute of Technology, RGPV Bhopal (M.P), India.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 37-40 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2541128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Cloud services supplanting the other web services in exponential rate, year-over-year. Despite the rising prevalence in cloud services, lack of proficiency in the field of cloud security is now the largest cloud challenge. The proposed method is based on the data mining techniques applied on the recorded log entries in the access log file. Before, applying data mining coarse gained log entries has been converted into fine gained log entries to improve the result. Then, generates the rule set to identify the different attacks in cloud environment. Finally, the result analysis of the proposed method has been carried out on the standard dataset through calculating the confusion matrix. Then, calculated results have been compared with other techniques through the depiction of different curves such as ROC, Lift curve, etc. These curves clear the vision about best result. Result analysis, carried out in this work shows that Logistic Regression is giving the best result among other methods.
Keyword: Session Hijacking, Logistic Regression Decision Tree, Random Forest Roc Curve, Lift Curve
Scope of the Article: Regression and Prediction

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B2535128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:21:36 +0000

Computer Aided Diagnosis of Epileptic Seizure in Human Electroencephalogram using Discrete Wavelet Transform with an Adaptive Neuro – Fuzzy System
Ajala Funmilola A¹, Oludipe Olusanmi², Opiarighodare Donaldson Kesiena³, Olukumoro Olugbenga Sunday⁴
¹Ajala Funmilola A., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
²Oludipe Olusanmi, Department of Computer Technology, School of Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
³Opiarighodare Donaldson Kesiena, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
⁴Olukumoro Olugbenga Sunday, Department of Computer Technology, School of Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 27-36 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2535128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: This study presents a computer aided epileptic seizure detection technique that uses discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with an adaptive neuro fuzzy system. The technique comprises electroencephalogram (EEG) signals data acquisition and synthesis of EEG signals, decomposition of the EEG signals and extraction of features, and classification of the features vectors. The technique which was implemented in Matlab (version 7.6) environment, exploits DWT strength in both time and frequency domain for the decomposition and extraction of characteristic features and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for classification of transformed feature vectors that were used as input to the ANFIS. FiveEEG signals types were synthesized and decomposed. Features extracted from the decomposed signals were used to train and test the ANFIS classifier. The ANFIS blend neural network (NN) adaptive capabilities and fuzzy inference system (FIS). The performance of the ANFIS was measured in terms of sensitivity, specificity and total classification accuracy. And the results obtained showed that the hybrid model and/or technique which consist of DWT and ANFIS attained high level of accuracy in the classification of EEG signals as either epileptic or normal with minimal false detection.
Keyword: Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Epileptic Seizure, Electroencephalogram.
Scope of the Article: Discrete Optimization

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B2536128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:16:45 +0000

Comparative Study on Seismic Performance of Bamboo and Steel using Shake Table
Rakesh D R¹, Kavitha.S², T. Felix Kala³
¹Rakesh D. R, Student, ACS College of Engineering, Bengaluru (Karnataka), India.
²Dr. S. Kavitha, Associate Professor, ACS College of Engineering, Bengaluru (Karnataka), India.
³Dr. T. Felix Kala, Professor & Dean, Dr. M. G. R Educational and Research Institute University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 21-26 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2536128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Recent research has shown that structures made with Bamboo offer an enhanced seismic performance over conventional materials by providing an additional elastic capability. In the present investigation seismic performance of the bamboo structure is considered. The bamboo is chosen because it is a very flexible material (this property makes it to use in seismic areas), growth rate is too high, easily available, bio-degradable and mainly it is carbon sequestrate and it is cost effective. The model will be designed for stringent similitude requirements and a series of dynamic tests. Once the model is prepared using Bamboo, it is tested in a shake table against various frequency ranges. And the respective drift values, displacement values and accelerations are noted down for different frequency ranges, and the model behavior is analyzed. The design similarity is the key to obtain the good test results. The careful design and construction of a scaled model of a Bamboo structure is going to report herein. In India in the Himalayan regions (which are highly seismic prone areas) the Bamboo is provided at lintel level, plinth level as bands, to provide resistance to seismicity. The experimental results are taken and represented in this project. This test program was composed of two three-story single-bay Bamboo frames.
Keyword: Seismic Performance, Shake Table, Bamboo, Displacement, Stiffness
Scope of the Article: Behaviour of Structures under Seismic Loads

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B2534128218

IJITEE Journal — Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:12:24 +0000

LTE Theory to Practice- KPI Optimization (A 4G Wireless Technology)
Damini Rai¹, Abhishek Dwivedi²
¹Damini Rai, M. Tech Research Scholar, Department of Information Technology, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and RGPV University, Bhopal (M.P), India.
²Abhishek Dwivedi, Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and RGPV University, Bhopal (M.P), India.
Manuscript received on 12 December 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 December 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 December 2018 | PP: 1-20 | Volume-8 Issue-2, December 2018 | Retrieval Number: B2534128218/18©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: LTE is the most competitive radio technology nowadays and in coming years by offering high-data-rates with low-latency, improving services, lowering the costs and allowing for spectrum refarming thanks to the frequency and bandwidth flexibility. LTE evolution is going over LTE-A features towards 5G direction. One of the reasons for the success of LTE is that operators are actively driving the LTE standard through the NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) – www.ngmn.org and through 3GPP as well- . On Jan 2016, there were 480 commercial LTE networks launched worldwide (Source www.gsacom.com). The deployment are accompanied by LTE-A features and several VoLTE deployments. As shown in Figure 1 the migration paths for existing mobile operators are multiple which facilitates the success of the technology. Certainly. LTE brings new technologies like Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transmission, multiband carrier aggregation, small cells and a number of new uses cases like Voice over LTE (VoLTE). The optimization of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) is still important in LTE including setup success rates, handover success rates and call retainability. LTE uses frequency reuse one without any soft handover which makes the interference management more challenging than in legacy radio networks. Signalling message coding and packet scheduling are example solutions in LTE optimization together with the traditional RF optimization. Voice has been Circuit Switched in 2G and in 3G networks while voice in LTE is VoIP (VoLTE). A number of optimization steps are required to provide similar or better drop rates with VoLTE as with CS voice. Also the handover from VoIP to CS voice requires optimization. That is called Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC). LTE will be running in parallel with 2G and 3G network. The interworking between these radios need to be considered as well as the usage of multiple LTE bands.
Keyword: LTE, VoLTE, (SRVCC), LTE Brings New Technologies like Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Transmission,
Scope of the Article: MIMO Antenna

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