Optimization of Moisturizing Clay Soap Containing Pitaya (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Seed Extract using D-Optimal Mixture Experimental Design
Siti Salwa Abd Gani1, Nor Fadzillah Mokhtar2, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan3, Farrah Payyadhah Borhan4, Khalijah Talha5, Nur Fauwizah Azahar6
1Siti Salwa Abd Gani, Department of Chemistry, Halal Products Research Institute, University Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
2Nor Fadzillah Mokhtar, Department of Mathematical, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
3Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
4Farrah Payyadhah Borhan, Department of Chemistry, Halal Products Research Institute, University Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
5Khalijah Talha, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
6Nur Fauwizah Azahar, Department of Mathematical, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
Manuscript received on 03 February 2019 | Revised Manuscript received on 10 February 2019 | Manuscript Published on 22 March 2019 | PP: 87-95 | Volume-8 Issue-5S April 2019 | Retrieval Number: ES3400018319/19©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract: Pitaya seed oil, extracted from red pitaya seeds, was utilized as a major antioxidant source in soap formulation for skin application. Bentonite (grey clay powder) with various beneficial properties also was incorporated in the formulation to enhance the positive effect toward skin’s structure. The influence of the main compositions of soap formulation containing different fatty acid and oils (cocoa butter, virgin coconut oil, olive oil, palm oil) on the hardness of the soap that undergoes saponification process was investigated by employing D-optimal mixture experimental design. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and the polynomial regression for prepared soap hardness in terms of the six design factors was developed by utilizing the experimental data. Results revealed that the best soap formulation included 9.027% A, 29.098% B, 19.588% C, 9.223% D, 23.860% E and 9.204% F. The results showed that the hardness of the soap was greatly affected by the different in the level of fatty acid and oils in the formulation. Depending on the appropriate level of those six variables, the production of moisturizing clay soap containing pitaya seed extract with the most desirable properties which is much better than those of commercial ones is possible.
Keywords: Pitaya, Mixture Design, Saponification, Clay JEL Classification: I11, I12.
Scope of the Article: Classification